mmw.m 


APRIL,  1912 


Number  1 


Hfunalnn 

#tatr  Normal  ^rlfool 
lullriiii 


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School  Libraries 


iterari 


4 Vi- 


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Published  Quarterly  by  the  Lewiston  State  Normal  School  at 
Lewiston,  Idaho. 


I Entered  as  second-class  matter,  August  5,  1905,  at  the  Postoffice  at 

Lewiston,  Idaho,  under  Act  of  Congress  of  July  16,  1894. 


SCHOOL  LIBRARIES 

ORGANIZATION  AND  ADMINISTRATION 


Prepared  by 

Theodora  R.  Brewitt 
Librarian 


Lewiston  State  Normal  School 


2 


How  to  Start  a School  Library 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  teacher  to  arouse  an  interest  in  a school 
library  among'  the  people  in  the  community.  An  intelligent  and 
enthusiastic  teacher  can  do  wonders  in  awakening  public  senti- 
ment. Try  some  of  the  following  suggestions : 

Collect  all  the  useful  material  possible  which  may  be  obtained 
free.  Such  material  will  include  government  and  state  publica- 
tions, pictures  to  illustrate  history,  science,  and  geography  which 
may  be  cut  from  old  magazines,  railway  advertisements,  circulars, 
etc.,  and  clippings  on  debate  and  other  topics.  Make  these  the 
nucleus  of  the  library. 

Publish  notices  of  books  and  magazines  desired  in  the  local 
newspaper.  Do  not,  however,  ask  for  donations  without  specify- 
ing what  is  desired.  Indiscriminate  gifts  are  often  useless  or 
worse  than  useless  lumber  in  a library. 

Send  to  the  State  Library  Commission  at  Boise  for  a “travel- 
ing library.”  This  may  be  obtained  free  on  application  and  at 
the  end  of  four  months  exchanged  for  a new  collection. 

Give  entertainments  for  the  benefit  of  the  school  library. 
Affairs  of  this  kind  are  especially  welcome  in  places  where  there 
is  little  social  life.  Interest  the  parents  as  well  as  the  children 
in  preparing  for  them.  Make  them  feel  that  the  library  is  some- 
thing in  which  they  have  a personal  interest.  Woman’s  clubs 
will  generally  be  glad  to  give  assistance  in  so  worthy  a cause. 

Have  a “library  day”  with  a program  consisting  of  readings 
about  books,  tableaux  representing  characters  in  books,  a talk 
on  some  appropriate  subject  by  a well  known  person  either  in  or 
outside  the  community. 

Often  the  school  board  will  agree  to  give  as  much  money  as 
the  school  will  raise. 


Place  of  the  Public  Library 

As  soon  as  the  town  is  large  enough  to  support  one,  an 
independent  public  library  should  be  started.  In  many  instances 
the  public  library  has  had  its  origin  in  the  small  school  library. 
If  the  community  contains  a public  library,  the  teacher’s  efforts 


3 


should  be  directed  toward  intelligent  co-operation  with  this  in- 
stitution rather  than  toward  trying  to  build  up  a rival  collection 
which  may  largely  duplicate  the  books  in  the  public  library.  It 
is  best  if  possible  to  turn  over  to  the  latter  the  largest  part  of 
the  supplementary  reading  and  fiction,  reserving  at  the  school 
only  reference  works  and  books  most  constantly  in  demand. 

The  most  sympathetic  relations  should  exist  between  the 
teacher  and  the  librarian.  One  of  the  chief  functions  of  the 
public  library  is  to  assist  the  schools.  Books  and  pictures  should 
be  loaned  for  as  long  a period  as  needed.  Books  should  be 
purchased  with  the  needs  of  the  school  in  view.  The  librarian 
should  visit  the  schools  occasionally  and  talk  to  pupils  and 
teachers  about  the  library.  When  possible,  some  definite  instruc- 
tion in  the  use  of  libraries  should  be  given  by  the  librarian.  A 
library  bulletin  board  should  be  placed  in  the  school  building 
on  which  may  be  posted  lists  of  new  books,  books  on  special 
subjects,  references  on  special  days,  as  Decoration  day,  Christ- 
mas, etc.,  and  other  information  about  the  library. 

The  teacher  should  furnish  the  librarian  lists  of  subjects 
to  be  assigned  for  reading  far  enough  ahead  so  that  the  latter 
may  have  the  material  ready  for  the  students  when  they  come. 


Selecting  Books 

The  most  important  problem  in  connection  with  the  school 
library  is  selecting  suitable  books.  Because  of  limited  knowledge 
of  children's  literature,  the  average  teacher  must  rely  on  the 
advice  of  specialists.  It  should,  however,  be  the  duty  of  every 
instructor  of  children  to  learn  as  much  as  possible  on  this  sub- 
ject. Make  it  a point  to  read  a certain  number  of  children's 
books  each  year.  Read  reviews  of  current  books  in  educational 
journals  and  the  best  book  reviewing  periodicals.  Many  helpful 
lists  of  children's  books  and  books  for  school  libraries  have  been 
prepared  and  the  teacher  will  find  these  the  most  trustworthy 
guides.  The  advisibility  of  consulting  these  when  buying  books 
cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized.  Of  the  following  lists  those 
marked  with  a * are  especially  recommended. 


4 


American  Library  Association.  Booklist:  monthly  guide  to 
the  best  new  books.  A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board,  78  E. 
Washington  St.,  Chicago.  $1  a year. 

Any  school  library  whose  funds  will  admit  of  the  purchase  of 
current  publications  will  find  this  most  valuable.  Libraries  of  less 
than  500  volumes  will  make  their  purchases  from  standard  works 
and  classics  and  will  not  need  this  guide  to  new  books. 

^'Buffalo  Public  Library.  Graded  list  of  books  with  subject 
index,  together  with  a brief  list  of  reference  books  for 
schools.  Public  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  25  cents. 

A graded  list  such  as  this  will  be  found  very  useful  in  school 
work. 

Hewins,  C.  M.  Books  for  boys  and  girls,  A.  L.  A.  Publish- 
ing Board,  78  E.  Washington  St.,  Chicago.  15  cents. 

* Kennedy,  H.  T.  Suggestive  list  of  books  for  children.  Wis- 
consin Library  Commission,  Madison,  Wis.  25  cents. 

A valuable  list  compiled  in  1910. 

Moore,  A.  C.  List  of  books  recommended  for  a children’s 
library.  Iowa  Library  Commission,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Includes  practical  suggestions  as  to  the  selection  and  purchase 
of  children’s  books. 

^Oregon  Library  Commission.  List  of  books  for  school 

libraries  in  the  state  of  Oregon.  Part  1,  Books  for  ele- 
mentary schools.  15  cents.  Part  2,  Books  for  high 
schools.  25  cents. 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  useful  guide  for  this  section  of  the 
country.  The  editions  listed  are  inexpensive. 

^Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library.  Children’s  reading;  a catalog 
compiled  for  home  libraries  and  reading  clubs  conducted 
by  the  children’s  department  of  the  Carnegie  Library, 
Pittsburgh.  A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board,  78  E.  Washington 
St.,  Chicago.  25  cents. 

“An  annotated  list  of  popular  books  for  children,  comprising 
picture  books,  books'  for  children  beginning  to  read,  standard 
stories,  stories  aranged  by  subject,  books  on  special  subjects, 
books  on  nature,  etc.”  A.  L.  A.  Booklist. 

Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library.  Catalog  of  children’s  books  in 
the  children’s  department;  author,  title,  and  subject  list. 
Carnegie  Library,  Pittsburgh.  $1. 


5 


Prentice,  M.  H.  & Power,  E.  L.  Children’s  library ; selected 
on  behalf  of  the  Cleveland  Normal  School.  Burrows 
Bros.  Co.  133  Euclid  Ave.,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  25  cents. 

United  States — Education  Bureau.  Teachers’  professional 
library.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

* Wisconsin — State  Superintendent  of  Instruction.  List  of 
books  for  free  high  school  libraries  with  instructions  for 
cotaloging.  State  Superintendent  of  Instruction,  Madi- 
son, Wis. 

^Wisconsin — State  Superintendent  of  Instruction.  List  of 

books  for  township  libraries  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin. 
State  Superintendent  of  Instruction,  Madison,  Wis. 


Ordering  Books 

It  is  best  to  buy  books  from  one  dealer,  and  when  possible, 
in  orders  large  enough  to  be  sent  by  freight.  Some  large  publish- 
ing houses  like  A.  C.  McClurg  in  Chicago,  and  Baker  & Taylor 
in  New  York,  are  also  jobbers  and  books  of  any  publisher  may 
be  obtained  through  them.  These  large  firms  are  often  able  to 
give  larger  discounts  than  the  local  dealer  but  there  are  also  the 
delay  and  transportation  charges  to  consider. 

Discounts  from  the  prices  listed  in  book  lists  and  publishers’ 
catalogs  may  be  expected  except  in  the  case  of  a few  "net” 
books.  These  discounts  will  vary  from  5 to  33  1-3  percent  and 
sometimes  more. 

Agents.  Avoid  all  dealings  with  books  agents.  It  is  always 
more  expensive  to  buy  through  them  than  of  the  regular  dealers 
Most  books  sold  by  subscription  can  be  bought  six  months  or  a 
year  after  their  issue  for  half  price.  Expensive  reference  books 
and  sets  in  good  condition  can  often  be  purchased  at  much  re- 
duced prices  from  second-hand  dealers  such  as  the  H.  R. 
Huntting  Co.  of  Springfield,  Mass. 

Editions.  In  selecting  books  from  lists,  be  careful  to  order 
the  editions  recommended.  There  are  innumerable  editions  of 
many  of  the  children’s  classics  and  of  these  perhaps  only  a few 
will  be  desirable.  Buy  inexpensive  editions  when  possible,  but 
never  poor  ones.  Some  of  the  more  popular  children’s  books 


6 


may  now  be  purchased  in  library  reinforced  bindings  at  a slight 
additional  cost.  Specify  in  your  order  to  send  library  bindings 
when  possible. 

Form  of  Order.  In  ordering  books  from  a dealer  give 
author’  name,  title,  number  of  volumes,  edition  or  series,  pub- 
lisher, and  price.  Enter  the  number  of  copies  wanted  at  the  left 
of  the  author’s  name.  Write  all  letters  and  orders  in  duplicate  so 
that  copies  of  orders  and  business  letters  may  be  kept  on  file 

Form  for  letter  to  dealer 

Lewiston,  Idaho, 

A.  C.  McClurg  & Co.  May  10,  1911. 

215  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 

Gentlemen : 

You  will  find  enclosed  an  order  for  books  to  be  sent  to  the 
Lewiston  State  Normal  School  by  prepaid  freight.  Send  rein- 
forced bindings  when  possible. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Miss)  Mary  Brown. 

Form  for  book  order 

Blackmore.  Lorna  Doone.  (Everyman’s  library).  Dutton.... 60 


Carpenter.  How  the  world  is  fed.  Amer.  Book  Co 60 

Crockett.  Red  cap  tales.  Macmillan 1.50 


Shakespeare.  Julius  Caesar;  ed.  by  Porter  & Clarke.  Crowell  .75 

Classification 

By  library  classification  is  meant  the  system  of  arrangement 
by  means  of  which  all  books  on  the  same  subject  or  on  related 
subjects  will  stand  together  on  the  shelves.  Material  in  the 
library  is  much  more  accessible  if  books  are  grouped  according 
to  subject  matter. 

The  two  systems  of  classification  most  generally  used  are 
the  Cutter  Expansive  system  and  the  Dewey  Decimal  system. 
The  latter  is  in  use  in  a large  percent  of  public  libraries  and  is 
recommended  as  best  suited  to  the  needs  of  a school  library. 

By  this  system  all  knowledge  is  divided  into  9 classes  with  a 
10th,  or  zero  division,  for  general  works  which  do  not  logically 


go  in  any  one  class.  These  classes  are  represented  by  numbers 
from  000  to  900. 

In  the  complete  classification  scheme  it  is  necessary  to  use 
many  divisions  and  sub-divisions  of  the  9 main  classes  represented 
by  100,  200,  300,  etc.  These  are  made  by  using  the  numbers  be- 
tween 100  and  199,  200  and  299,  etc.,  and  when  even  finer  dis- 
tinctions are  needed,  decimals  are  added  to  these  numbers ; hence 
the  name  Decimal  classification. 

Example  : 900 — History,  970 — American  history,  973 — United 
States  history,  973.3 — Revolutionary  war. 

When  books  have  been  classified  and  the  class  number  written 
on  a label  on  the  back  of  each  book,  (see  page  13)  they  are  then 
arranged  on  the  shelves  numerically  according  to  this  class  num- 
ber. 

Stories  are  given  no  class  number  but  are  placed  together  on 
the  shelves  and  arranged  alphabetically  by  the  author’s  surnames. 

The  following  adaptation  of  the  Dewey  classification  may  be 
used  to  advantage  in  school  libraries  which  do  not  contain  over 
500  books.  For  larger  libraries  get  Dewey’s  Abridged  decimal 
classification  sold  by  Library  Bureau,  Wabash  Ave.  Chicago. 
$1.50. 

000-099.  General  works 

Small  school  libraries  will  have  little  use  for  this  division. 

The  subdivisions  most  used  are : 

030.  Encyclopedias. 

050.  Bound  periodicals. 

100-199.  Philosophy 

In  this  division  use : 

150.  Psychology. 

170.  Morals  and  manners,  right  living,  etc. 

ex.  Dewey,  Ethics : stories  for  home  and  school. 

200-299.  Religion 

In  this  division  use : 

220.  Bible  stories. 

ex.  Guerbcr,  Story  of  the  chosen  people. 

290.  Myths — stories  of  Greek  and  Roman  gods  and  goddesses 
and  mythology  of  Northern  Europe, 
ex.  Guerber,  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome. 


8 


300-399.  Sociology  , 

A very  broad  class  which  includes  all  subjects  which  have  a 
direct  bearing  on  organized  society.  The  divisions  most  used 
in  this  class  are : 

320.  Government,  the  army  and  navy,  etc. 
ex.  Dole , American  citizen . 

370.  Education.  The  books  in  this  class  will  form  the  teacher’s 
library. 

ex.  McMurry , Course  of  study  in  the  eight  grades . 

398.  Fairy  tales,  fables,  folk  stories. 

ex.  Aesop's  Fables,  Anderson's  Fairy  tales,  Arabian  nights, 
Legends  of  King  Arthur,  etc. 

400-499.  Language 

400.  Use  this  number  for  g*rammars,  compositions,  rhetorics, 
dictionaries. 

500-599.  Science 

In  this  division  use: 

500.  Use  for  all  general  nature  books. 

ex.  Andrezvs,  Stories  mother  nature  told  her  children. 
Hodge,  Nature  study  and  life. 

510.  Mathematics. 

520.  Astronomy. 

530.  Physics,  Electricity. 

540.  Chemistry. 

550.  Geology,  Physical  geography. 

560.  Paleontology. 

570.  Biology,  Prehistoric  times,  Evolution, 
ex.  Clodd,  Story  of  primitive  man. 

Dopp,  Early  cave  men. 

580.  Botany. 

590.  Animals,  birds,  insects,  etc. 

591.  Stories  about  animals. 

ex.  Carter,  Stories  of  brave  dogs. 

Kipling,  Jungle  book. 

600-699.  Useful  arts 

This  is  the  class  for  all  occupations,  trades,  etc.,  use: 

600.  Inventions  and  general  books  about  how  things  are 
done  and  made. 


9 


ex.  Baker , Boys’  book  of  inventions. 

Moffett,  Careers  of  danger  and  daring. 

610.  Health.  Use  this  number  for  all  books  relating  to  the 
question  of  health,  as  hygiene,  gymnastics,  public  health, 
etc. 

630.  Agriculture,  Gardening,  Forestry. 

640.  Domestic  economy.  Use  for  books  on  sewing,  cooking, 
housekeeping,  etc. 

650.  Business  methods,  such  as  book  keeping,  business  letter 
writing,  stenography,  etc. 

680.  Manual  training. 

ex.  Wheeler,  Woodworking  for  beginners. 

White,  Hozv  to  make  baskets. 

700-799.  Fine  Arts 

In  this  class  use : 

700.  Books  about  artists,  pictures,  drawing,  etc. 
ex.  Emery,  How  to  enjoy  pictures. 

Rydingsvard,  Art  studies  for  schools. 

780.  Music.  Use  for  music  books  and  books  about  music 
and  musicians. 

790.  Amusements.  Use  for  books  about  all  games,  athletics, 
outdoor  life,  as  hunting,  fishing,  camping,  etc. 

800-899.  Literature 

800.  Classics  retold  for  children. 

ex.  Stories  from  the  Faerie  Queen. 

Stories  from  Chaucer. 

Tales  from  Shakespeare 

808.  Readers  and  speakers,  collections  of  literature, 
ex.  Blaisdell,  Child  life  readers. 

LeRow,  Pieces  for  every  occasion. 

Masterpieces  of  American  literature. 

809.  General  literature.  Use  this  number  for  books  about 
the  literature  of  different  nations. 

ex.  Botta,  Handbook  of  universal  literature. 

810.  English  and  American  literature. 

811.  Poetry.  Both  poetry  and  books  about  poetry. 

812.  Drama. 

814.  Essays. 


10 


900-999.  History,  Biography,  Travel  and  Geography 

900.  Biography. 

910.  General  geography  and  travel,  sea  life,  exploration  and 
discovery,  pirates. 

910.1.  Commercial  geography. 

914.  Geography  and  travel — Europe. 

915.  Geography  and  travel — Asia. 

916.  Geography  and  travel — Africa. 

917.  Geography  and  travel— North  and  Central  America, 
West  Indies. 

918.  Geography  and  travel — South  America. 

919.  Geography  and  travel— Australia,  Artie  regions,  Pacific 
Islands. 

920.  History — general. 

930.  History — ancient. 

940.  History — European  nations. 

950.  History — Asia. 

960.  History — Africa. 

970.  Indians. 

973.  American  history. 


Book  Numbers 

Books  having  the  same  class  number  should  be  arranged  on 
the  shelves  alphabetically  by  the  surname  of  the  author.  As  an 
aid  in  so  arranging  them  the  author’s  initial  may  be  placed 
beneath  the  class  number  on  the  label,  adding  1,  2,  3,  etc.,  to 
indicate  different  books  by  the  same  author,  or  books  by  different 
authors  having  the  same  initial,  as:  (820-B3).  In  biography  use 
for  the  book  number  the  initial  of  the  person  written  about  and 
not  the  name  of  the  author.  Thus  biographies  will  be  arranged 
alphabetically  by  the  biograph ee  and  all  lives  of  one  person  will 
stand  together. 

This  combination  of  class  number  and  book  number  is  called 
the  call  number  and  indicates  the  exact  position  of  the  book  on 
the  shelves.  While  many  books  may  have  the  same  class  number, 
no  two  books  should  have  the  same  call  number.  In  larger 
libraries  it  is  necessary  to  have  a more  elaborate  scheme  for 
assigning  book  numbers  so  that  all  books  in  the  same  class  may 


11 


he  arranged  alphabetically  by  author.  The  Cutter  author  tables 
(Library  Bureau,  $1.25)  were  devised  for  this  purpose.  These 
will  not  be  needed  unless  the  library  has  more  than  500  volumes 
or  is  likely  to  grow  rapidly. 

Library  Routine  for  Incoming  Books 

Checking  with  bill 

When  new  books  are  received,  check  them  with  the  bill  sent 
by  the  dealer  and  with  your  duplicate  order  to  be  sure  that  the 
shipment  is  correct. 


Accessioning 

The  author,  title,  publisher,  source  (from  whom  purchased 
or  by  whom  given)  and  price  of  each  book  is  then  entered  in  a 
book  called  the  Accession  record.  Regular  printed  forms  are 
used  by  larger  libraries,  but  for  the  school  library  an  ordinary 
stout  blank  book,  8x10  inches  with  cloth  or  board  covers  will  do. 
Rule  this  as  follows : 


(left  side) 


Date  received 

No. 

Author’s  surname 

Title 

(right  side) 


Copy  or  vol. 

[ Publisher 

Source 

| Cost 

| Notes 

1 

| 

| 

| 

| 

i 

| 





i i 



Rules  for  accessioning 

Enter  each  single  volume  on  a line  of  this  record,  filling  in 
the  information  as  indicated  by  the  headings. 

Number  the  lines  consecutively  and  write  in  each  book  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page'  following  the  title  page,  and  on  some 
other  selected  page,  the  number  of  its  line.  This  number  is  the 
“accession  number”  of  the  book  and  helps  to  identify  it. 


12 


Be  sure  that  only  one  volume  or  copy  is  entered  on  a line. 
If  there  are  more  than  one  volumes  or  copies  of  the  same  book  put 
cop.  1,  cop.  2,  etc.,  or  vol.  1,  vol.  2,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be 
in  the  column  marked  Copy  or  vol. 

In  the  Notes  column  indicate  if  the  book  is  lost,  destroyed,  or 
worn  out. 

Do  not  use  capital  letters  for  words  in  the  title  except  the 
first  word  and  proper  nouns  and  adjectives. 

Use  ditto  marks  when  possible. 

Always  use  Arabic  notation  and  not  Roman. 

Inventory 

An  inventory  should  be  taken  at  least  once  a year  by  check- 
ing' the  Accession  record  by  the  books  in  the  library  to  see  if  all 
the  books  listed  are  accounted  for. 

Mark  of  ownership 

The  name  of  the  school  should  be  stamped  with  a rubber 
stamp  or  written  neatly  on  the  inside  cover  of  the  book  and  on 
some  page  in  the  book,  as  31. 

Opening  a new  book 

If  the  following  directions  are  observed  with  each  new  book 
it  will  wear  longer.  Lay  the  book  back  downward  on  a table 
or  other  smooth  surface.  Press  the  front  cover  down  until  it 
touches  the  table,  then  the  back  cover,  holding  the  leaves  in  one 
hand  while  you  open  a few  at  the  back,  then  at  the  front, 
alternately  pressing  them  down  gently  until  you  reach  the  center 
of  the  volume. 


Cutting  leaves 

All  leaves  should  be  cut  before  a book  is  put  in  circulation. 
Otherwise  the  children  will  tear  them  or  cut  them  carelessly. 

Preparation  for  loaning 

On  the  inside  of  the  back  cover  of  each  book  paste  a pocket 
which  will  hold  the  book  card.  Inexpensive  pockets  can  be  made 
of  stout  writing  paper  4-y^x4J/2  inches.  Fold  this  over  the  lower 


13 


edge  and  sides  of  the  book  card  to  get  the  proper  size  and  crease 
with  a paper  cutter,  then  paste  in  the  book.  Manila  book  pockets 
ready  for  folding  may  be  purchased  from  a library  supply  house 
(see  list  of  supplies,  page  20). 

At  the  top  of  the  blank  page  opposite  the  back  cover  of  the 
book,  attach  with  a little  paste  along  the  upper  edge,  a blank 
slip  3x5  inches.  This  is  the  dating  slip. 

Write  a book  card  for  each  book.  This  card  should  be  of 
manila  paper  3x5  inches  (see  list  of  supplies).  At  the  top  of 
each  card  write  the  author’s  surname,  the  title  of  the  book  on 
the  line  below  it,  and  in  the  two  upper  corners  put  the  call 
number  and  the  accession  number.  This  card  remains  in  the 
book  pocket  when  the  book  is  in  the  library  and  is  filed  at  the 
librarian’s  desk  when  the  book  is  out  (see  directions  for  loaning, 

P-  21). 

Labels 

On  the  back  of  each  book,  one  inch  from  the  bottom  paste 
a plain  round  gummed  label  (Dennison’s  A 44).  Before  doing 
this  remove  the  glazed  surface  from  the  place  where  the  label  is  to 
go  with  ammonia  and  a brush.  On  this  label  write  with  India  ink 
in  legible  vertical  figures  the  call  number  of  the  book.  When  the 
ink  is  dry  apply  white  liquid  shellac,  allowing  it  to  extend  a 
trifle  outside  the  label.  In  place  , of  labels  figures  may  be  put 
directly  on  the  backs  of  books  with  black  India  ink  or  white 
“Letterine.”  The  latter  may  be  purchased  of  Davis  & Co.,  127 
Williams  St.,  New  York.  It  requires  skill  in  use  and  is  apt 
to  become  illegible.  On  the  other  hand  labels  will  crack  and 
become  ragged.  As  fiction  is  given  no  class  number,  books  of 
fiction  will  not  need  labels. 

The  Card  Catalog 

A card  catalog  is  a catalog  of  books  in  a library  made  on 
cards  instead  of  in  book  form.  Most  modern  libraries  have  card 
catalogs  in  place  of  the  old  fashioned  printed  ones.  Their 
advantage  is  that  they  can  always  be  kept  up  to  date.  Cards  for 
new  books  may  be  inserted  in  their  alphabetical  places  as  the 
books  are  received,  while  a printed  catalog  must  be  reprinted 
frequently  at  great  expense  in  a growing  library. 


14 


A complete  card  catalog  will  answer  the  following  questions : 
Has  the  library  a book  by  a given  author  ? 

Has  the  library  a book  of  a given  title  ? 

Has  the  library  material  on  a given  subject  and  where  is 
this  material  to  be  found? 

Each  book  in  the  library  is  represented  in  the  catalog  by  at 
least  one  card  under  the  author’s  name,  and  usually  by  cards 
under  the  title  and  one  or  more  subject  headings.  All  these 
cards  are  arranged  alphabetically  in  one  file  like  the  words  in  a 
dictionary.  Thus  a book  may  be  found  in  the  same  file  under 
the  surname  of  the  author,  the  first  word  of  the  title  and  under 
the  names  of  the  subjects  of  which  the  book  treats. 

The  average  teacher  will  have  neither  the  time  nor  the  tech- 
nical knowledge  necessary  to  make  a complete  dictionary  catalog, 
but  if  the  following  rules  are  observed  a useful  working  catalog 
can  be  made  without  much  difficulty.  The  cataloger  should  have 
for  reference  the  following  pamphlets : 

Wisconsin  State  Sup’t  of  Instruction.  List  of  books  for  free 
high  school  libraries.  . .with  instructions  for  cataloging. 
State  Sup’t,  Madison,  Wis. 

Wisconsin  State  Sup’t  of  Instruction.  List  of  books  for  town- 
ship libraries.  State  Sup’t,  Madison,  Wis. 

The  above  lists  give  class  number  and  subject  headings  for  each 
book  listed,  directions  for  cataloging  and  lists  of  suggested  subject 
headings.  As  the  books  listed  are  carefully  selected  for  school 
libraries,  they  will  be  found  useful  in  book  _selection  as  well  as 
cataloging. 

Hitchler.  Cataloging  for  small  libraries.  American  Library 
Association  Publishing  Board.  78  E.  Washington  St., 
Chicago. 


Catalog  cards 

Use  the  standard  size  catalog  card,  3x5  inches  (see  list  of 
supplies).  In  ordering  specify  ruled  cards  for  manuscript  cata- 
log, or  unruled  if  the  cards  are  to  be  typewritten.  All  cards 
should  have  two  vertical  lines  as  a guide  for  indention. 

General  rule 

In  cataloging  do  not  capitalize  the  words  of  the  title  except 
the  first  word  and  proper  nouns  and  adjectives. 


15 


Author  card 

The  author  card  is  the  card  which  has  for  its  heading  the 
name  of  the  author,  editor,  or  compiler  (see  sample  card  no.  1). 
The  author  card  is  called  the  “main  card”  because  it  contains 
the  most  information  about  the  book.  If  the  book  has  no  author, 
editor,  or  compiler,  the  main  card  is  made  by  writing  the  title  on 
the  first  line  beginning  at  the  second  vertical  line  (see  sample 
card  no.  5). 

Write  the  author’s  surname  followed  by  his  given  names 
(separated  from  surname  by  comma)  on  the  first  ruled  line 
beginning  at  the  first  vertical  line.  Write  the  title  of  the  book 
on  the  line  below  the  author’s  name  beginning  at  the  second 
vertical  line.  Succeeding  lines  of  the  title  begin  again  at  the 
first  vertical  line.  About  the  space  of  four  letters  after  the  title 
put  the  publication  date  as  found  on  the  title  page,  or  the  latest 
copyright  date  given  on  the  back  of  the  title  page,  if  no  publica- 
tion date  is  given. 

Joint  authors.  If  the  book  has  two  authors,  enter  it  under 
the  name  of  the  first  followed  by  the  name  of  the  second  con- 
nected to  the  first  by  & (see  sample  card  no.  6).  If  a book 
has  more  than  two  authors,  enter  it  under  the  name  of  the  first 
followed  by  & others. 

Compiler  or  editor  as  author.  When  a book  is  edited  or 
compiled  and  has  no  author,  enter  it  under  the  name  of  the  editor 
or  compiler  and  write  ed.  or  comp,  after  his  name  (see  sample 

card  no.  7). 

Books  having  neither  author  nor  editor.  Write  the  title 
on  the  first  line  beginning  at  the  second  verticle  line.  Start  the 
second  line  of  the  title  at  the  first  verticle  line.  Add  date  as  in 
the  author  card  (see  sample  card  no.  5). 

Body  as  author.  Many  books  and  pamphlets  are  issued  by 
the  United  States,  state  governments,  societies,  institutions,  etc. 
These  should  be  entered  under  the  name  of  the  body  or  institu- 
tion issuing  them  unless  they  are  by  some  well  known  author. 
Enter  the  publications  of  government  departments  under  the 
piame  of  the  country  followed  by  a dash  and  the  official  name  of 
the  department  (see  sample  cards  no.  8 and  9).  Examples: 
U.  S. — War  dep’t;  Great  Britain — National  gallery;  New  York 
(state);  National  educational  association;  Chicago  University. 


16 


Title  card 

The  title  card  is  the  card  whose  heading  is  the  title  of  the 
book.  Make  title  cards  for  stories  and  all  books  having  striking- 
titles  (see  sample  card  no.  2). 

Write  the  title  on  the  first  line  beginning  at  the  second 
vertical  line.  If  the  title  occupies  more  space  than  one  line  begin 
succeeding  lines  one-fourth  inch  after  the  second  vertical  line. 
Put  the  author’s  name  on  the  first  line  below  the  title  beginning 
at  the  first  vertical  line.  Invert  as  on  the  author  card  and 
abbreviate : that  is,  if  one  forename  is  given  write  in  full,  if  more 
than  one  forename,  give  initials  only.  Ex.  Brown,  John;  Roberts, 
W.  E. 


Subject  card 

A subject  card  is  a card  which  has  for  its  heading  the  sub- 
ject of  which  the  book  treats.  It  is  very  essential  to  be  able  to 
tell  just  what  material  the  library  contains  on  different  subjects, 
hence  the  value  of  the  subject  card  in  the  catalog  (see  sample 
card  no.  3). 

Often  a book  will  need  several  subject  headings,  for  example, 
Brand  er  Matthews,  Poems  of  American  patriotism  should  be 
found  in  the  catalog  under  the  subject  headings  Battles , Patriot- 
ism, Poetry  collections. 

Write  the  subject  in  red  ink  on  the  first  line  beginning  at  the 
second  vertical  line.  Write  the  author’s  name  on  the  first  line 
below  the  subject,  beginning  at  the  first  vertical  line.  Invert  and 
abbreviate  the  author’s  name  as  on  the  title  card.  Write  the 
title  on  the  line  below  the  author’s  name  beginning  at  the  second 
vertical  line. 

Use  great  thought  and  care  in  selecting  subject  headings. 
Look  over  the  book  carefully.  Select  non-technical  terms  and 
ones  of  which  students  will  be  most  likely  to  think ; for  example, 
Animals  rather  than  Zoology . Use  more  than  one  subject  when 
the  book  seems  to  require  it.  Use  as  specific  terms  as  possible ; 
for  example,  Bees  rather  than  Insects.  Be  consistent  in  assigning 
subject  headings.  If  you  decide  on  one  heading  for  a certain 
subject  use  it  for  all  books  on  that  subject.  It  is  necessary  to 
refer  often  to  your  catalog  to  see  what  headings  you  have  use. 
The  A.L.A.  list  of  subject  headings  for  use  in  dictionary  catalogs. 


17 


A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board,  $2.00,  will  be  found  very  useful  in 
assigning  subject  headings. 

Subject  analytic  card 

Beside  the  cards  which  have  for  their  headings  the  main  sub- 
ject or  subjects  of  a book,  cards  should'  be  made  for  subjects 
treated  on  certain  pages  in  the  book,  if  these  subjects  are  ones 
which  would  not  ordinarily  be  looked  for  in  the  book.  For 
example:  Our  little  Alaskan  cousin  contains  useful  material  on 
Eskimos,  pages  119-128;  Gold,  pages  108-118;  Reindeer,  pages 
129-136  (see  sample  card  no.  4). 

Write  the  subject  in  red  ink  on  the  first  line  beginning  at  the 
second  vertical  line.  Write  the  author’s  name  on  the  first  line 
below  the  subject,  inverted  and  abbreviated  as  on  the  title  card 
and  beginning  at  the  first  vertical  line.  Write  the  title  of  the 
book  on  the  line  below  the  author’s  name  beginning  at  the  second 
vertical  line.  Write  the  inclusive  paging  at  the  right  of  the  title 
with  a comma  after  the  title. 

Cross  reference  cards 

A cross  reference  card  is  one  which  directs  attention  to 
another  card.  Its  object  is  to  refer  the  catalog  user  from  the 
heading  under  which  he  looks  to  the  heading  under  which  the 
book  is  cataloged,  or  to  other  headings  under  which  material 
bearing  on  the  same  subject  will  be  found.  Example:  Naviga- 
tion, sec  also  Commerce ; Municipal  improvement,  see  Civic  im- 
provement; Twain,  Mark  see  Clemens,  S.  L.  A small  school 
library  will  need  few  cross  references. 

Tracing 

On  the  back  of  the  main  card  write  the  headings  of  all  the 
cards  you  have  written  for  that  book.  Invert  the  tracing  as 
compared  with  the  writing  on  the  front  of  the  card  so  that  4 
may  be  easily  read  by  turning  the  card  forward  in  the  file. 

Class  number 

Each  card  in  the  catalog  should  have  the  class  number  of 
the  book  written  in  red  ink  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner.  This 
tells  where  to  find  the  book  on  the  shelves. 


18 


Handwriting 

Cards  should  be  written  in  plain  round  vertical  hand.  Use 
black  ink. 


File  for  catalog 

Catalog  cases  with  drawers  which  the  standard  catalog  card 
will  fit  can  be  purchased  from  library  supply  houses.  These 
are  expensive  and  the  smaller  libraries  can  manage  very  nicely 
with  pasteboard  filing  drawers  which  can  be  purchased  from  the 
local  book  store  or  office  supply  firm. 

Arrangement  of  cards 

Cards  in  the  catalog  should  be  in  alphabetical  order,  with 
subject,  author,  and  title  cards  in  the  same  alphabet.  Alpha- 
betize authors  by  the  surname  first,  then  by  the  Christian  name 
or  initials.  Consider  abbreviations  like  Me  and  St  as  if  spelled 
out.  Books  by  the  same  author  should  be  arranged  alphabeti- 
cally by  the  first  word  of  the  title  not  an  article.  A person’s 
name  as  subject  should  come  after  his  name  as  author. 

Guide  cards 

Bristol  guide  cards  (see  list  of  supplies)  should  be  placed  in 
the  catalog  and  lettered  in  India  ink  with  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet. 


Sample  cards 


919 

P 

ike,  Henry  Lee  Mitchell 

P 

Our  little  Panama  counsin.  1906. 

1.  Author  card. 


I 

918 

Our  little  Panama  cousin 

P 

P 

ike,  H.  L.  M. 

2.  Title  card. 


19 


918  | Panama — Description  and  travel 

P P | ike,  H.  L.  M. 

I Our  little  Panama  cousin. 


3.  Subject  card. 


918 

Pirates 

P 

P 

ike,  H.  L.  C. 

Our  little  Panama  cousin,  p.  36-59. 

4.  Subject  analytic. 


917. 7 1 Southern  stories  retold  from  St.  Nicholas. 
S |19|07 


Main  card  for  book  without  author  or  editor. 


| 1 
800  |B1 

aisdell,  Etta  Austin  & Blaisdell,  Mary  Frances 

B 

1 

Boy  Blue  and  his  friends.  1907. 

1 

.1 

Joint 

authors. 

821. 8J  R|epplier,  Agnes,  ed. 

R | | A book  of  famous  verse.  cl892. 


7.  Main  card  under  editor. 


901 

1 

lU 

S. — Congress 

G 

1 

Proceedings  on  the  occasion  of  the  reception 

|an 

1 

d acceptance  of  the  statue  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant 

8.  Government  as  author. 


630.6 

U 

S. — Agriculture  dep’t. 

U 

Year  book. 

Library  has 

1904 

1905 

1906 

9.  Government  as  author  with  form  used  for  annual 
publications  and  bound  periodicals. 


20 


Summary  of  Library  Routine 

The  following  are  the  processes  through  which  the  book 
must  go  before  it  is  ready  for  circulation. 

1.  Order. 

2.  Check  with  bill  when  books  arrive. 

3.  Accession. 

4.  Put  in  mark  of  ownership. 

5.  Open  and  cut  leaves. 

6.  Pocket. 

7.  Paste  in  dating  slip. 

8.  Classify  and  write  call  number  in  book. 

9.  Write  book  card. 

10.  Label  and  write  call  number  on  label. 

11.  Catalog. 

Supplies  Needed  in  Organizing  School  Library 

The  following  supplies  may  be  purchased  from  Democrat 
Printing  Co.,  Madison,  Wis.,  or  Library  Bureau,  Wabash  Ave., 
Chicago.  Write  for  the  catalogs  of  these  firms  before  purchasing. 

Book  pockets,  plain  or  printed  with  library  rules. 

Book  cards,  manila  paper. 

Date  slips,  plain. 

Dennison  circular  book  labels,  No.  A44  (special  library  stock) 
Linen  catalog  cards. 

Buff  bristol  guide  cards. 

Book  supports. 

Wooden  tray  for  charging  system. 

Get  the  following  from  your  local  dealer. 

Stout  blank  book,  8x10  inches,  for  accession  record. 

Higgins’  American  India  ink. 

Brushes  for  paste  and  shellac. 

Rubber  stamp  with  name  of  school  or  number  of  district. 

Filing  box  for  catalog. 

Paste. 

Shellac. 


Ammonia. 
Red  ink. 
Pens. 


21 


Aids  in  Organizing  School  Library 

Dewey,  Melvil.  Abridged  decimal  classification.  Library 
Bureau.  $1.50. 

Get  this  if  library  has  500  vloumes  or  more.  For  smaller  libraries 
the  scheme  outlined  in  these  lessons  will  be  sufficient. 

Stearns,  L.  E.  Essentials  in  library  administration.  American 
Library  Association  Publishing  Board.  78  E.  Washing- 
ton St.,  Chicago.  15  cents. 

Hitchler,  Theresa.  Cataloging  for  small  libraries.  American 
Library  Association  Publishing  Board.  15  cents. 

Wisconsin — State  Sup’t  of  Instruction.  List  of  books  for 
free  high  school  libraries  with  instructions  for  cataloging. 
State  Sup’t,  Madison,  Wis.,  free. 

Wisconsin — State  Sup’t  of  Instruction.  List  of  books  . for 
township  libraries.  State  Sup’t,  Madison,  Wis. 

These  last  two  lists  give  subject  headings  for  cataloging  and 
useful  chapters  on  library  methods. 

National  Educational  Association.  Report  of  the  committee 
on  instruction  in  library  administration  in  Normal  schools. 
Irwin  Shepard,  Secretary  N.  E.  A.,  Winona,  Minn.  10 
cents. 

Dana,  J.  C.  A library  primer.  Library  Bureau.  $1.00. 

Loaning  Books 

The  pocket,  book  card,  and  dating  slip  in  the  back  of  each 
book  is  for  the  loan  system.  When  a student  wishes  to  take  a 
book  from  the  library,  remove  the  card  from  the  book  pocket. 
Write  on  it  in  pencil  the  pupil’s  name  and  the  date  he  is  to  re- 
turn the  book.  Write  the  same  date  on  the  dating  slip  in  the 
back  of  the  book. 

At  the  end  of  the  day  file  all  the  cards  for  books  loaned 
behind  guides  bearing  the  date  due.  These  guides  may  be  cut 
from  cardboard  one  half  inch  longer  than  the  book  cards.  Num- 
ber these  in  black  ink  from  1 to  31  for  the  days  of  the  month. 

Thus  the  librarian  will  have  a complete  card  file  of  all  the 


books  out  of  the  library  giving  the  names  of  the  persons  to 
whom  loaned  and  arranged  according  to  the  date  they  are  due. 

When  a book  is  returned,  put  the  card  back  in  the  pocket  and 
return  book  to  the  shelves. 

Suggested  rules 

Books  may  be  kept  one  week  with  the  privilege  of  renewal 
at  the  end  of  that  time  unless  desired  by  some  other  student. 
Some  school  libraries  allow  students  to  keep  books  for  two  weeks. 

When  the  resources  of  the  library  are  very  limited,  students 
may  be  restricted  to  one  book  at  a time.  Do  not  make  this  a 
hard  and  fast  rule,  however,  as  occasionally  a student’s  work  will 
require  reference  to  several  books  at  once. 

A fine  of  one  or  two  cents  a day  may  be  charged  for  books 
that  are  overdue.  This  may  not  be  necessary  in  a small  library 
but  will  greatly  aid  in  getting  books  back  on  time.  The  money 
collected  should  be  used  to  buy  new  books. 

Any  damage  to  books  other  than  ordinary  wear  and  tear 
should  be  paid  for.  Where  there  is  no  public  library  residents 
of  the  district  should  be  allowed  to  borrow  books  not  needed  in 
the  school  work. 

Large  reference  works,  as  dictionaries  and  encyclopedias 
should  not  be  taken  from  the  library. 

Books  in  which  special  references  have  been  assigned  for 
class  work  should  not  be  taken  from  the  library  during  school 
hours. 


Care  of  Books 

The  life  and  good  appearance  of  a book  may  be  greatly  pro- 
longed by  the  observation  of  certain  rules  in  handling  and  prompt 
mending. 

Teach  children  to  respect  the  physical  side  of  books  by  telling 
them  in  as  interesting  a manner  as  possible  something  about  the 
process  of  book  making;  how  they  are  printed  and  bound,  the 
different  methods  of  illustration,  etc.  Post  near  the  library 
shelves  the  following  rules: 

Do  not  turn  down  the  corners  of  the  pages. 

Never  handle  books  with  soiled  hands. 


23 


Always  protect  them  from  rain  and  snow. 

Do  not  wet  your  fingers  to  turn  a page. 

Do  not  use  a thick  book  mark.  It  strains  the  binding. 

Do  not  lay  a book  open  face  downward,  or  do  not  place  one 
book  on  another  when  they  are  open. 

Never  mark  with  pen  or  pencil. 

Books  should  not  be  replaced  on  the  library  shelves  after 
having  been  loaned  without  examining  carefully  for  loose  leaves, 
tears,  marks,  etc. 

Books  with  very  light  covers  should  be  given  a thin  coat  of 
white  shellac  to  keep  them  from  showing  soil. 

Keep  books  upright  on  the  shelves  by  means  of  book  supports. 
Do  not  crowd  them.  Leave  enough  space  on  each  shelf  so  that 
new  books  may  be  inserted  with  their  class. 

Do  not  allow  books  to  rest  on  their  front  edges  as  it  strains 
the  backs.  If  a book  is  too  large  to  stand  upright,  lay  it  on  its 
side. 


Book  Mending 

The  following  directions  for  book  mending  are  taken  from 
the  List  of  books  for  free  high  school  libraries  in  the  State  of 
Wisconsin  (see  page  21  of  this  pamphlet). 

Cleaning  books 

Soiled  pages  can  be  cleaned  with  powdered  pumice  stone 
rubbed  on  with  a piece  of  clean  cheese  cloth.  Book  covers  can 
be  cleaned  with  powdered  pumice  stone,  ivory  soap,  and  water, 
or  vinegar  and  water.  For  the  latter  take  two  parts  of  vinegar 
and  one  part  water ; apply  with  clean  unbleached  muslin  and 
rub  hard  until  dirt  is  removed.  Vinegar  should  not  be  used  on 
leather  binidng. 

Tom  leaves 

Place  a loose  sheet  of  waste  paper  under  the  torn  leaf,  tear 
or  cut  with  an  ivory  folder  or  a very  dull  knife,  a piece  of  onion 
skin  paper  in  the  size  and  shape  to  correspond  witn  the  tear,  and 


24 


about  one  half  or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  wide.  Apply  a very 
thin  smooth  coat  of  paste  to  this  strip  and  carefully  paste  over 
the  tear.  Place  a loose  sheet  of  paper  over  this,  close  the  book, 
weight  and  let  dry. 


Loose  leaves 

To  “tip  in”  a loose  leaf,  apply  a thin  coat  of  paste  to  about 
one-eighth  of  the  inner  margin  and  carefully  insert  the  leaf  in  its 
proper  place  in  the  book.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the  leaf 
should  not  project  beyond  the  other  leaves  in  the  book. 

If  the  leaf  to  be  replaced  is  of  very  heavy  paper  which  may 
not  hold  by  tipping  in,  take  a strip  of  paper  one  half  inch  wide 
and  of  the  same  length  as  the  leaf ; carefully  fold  this  .strip  down 
the  center,  apply  a thin  coat  of  paste  to  side  of  the  hinge  thus 
formed,  and  paste  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  leaf.  When  this 
has  dried  sufficiently,  apply  a very  thin  coat  to  the  other  half  of 
the  same  side  of  the  hinge  and  put  the  leaf  in  its  proper  place  in 
the  book.  Always  trim  the  projecting*  edges  of  a replaced  leaf. 


Joints 

By  joint  is  meant  the  hinge  by  which  the  cover  is  attached 
to  the  body  of  a book.  It  pays  to  repair  loose  joints  by  pasting 
along  the  joint  a strip  of  white  cambric,  one  and  one  half  inches 
wide.  Fold  the  cambric  through  the  center,  paste  and  apply  one 
half  of  it  to  the  inside  of  the  book  cover  and  the  other  half  of  it 
to  the  fly  leaf.  Place  a piece  of  oiled  paper  between  the  hinge 
formed  by  the  muslin ; close  the  book,  weight  and  dry.  Cut  the 
cloth  joint  lengthwise  of  the  goods. 


Loose  sections 

To  sew  in  a loose  section,  use  a long  needle  with  linen  thread, 
no.  40.  Pass  needle  through  hole  at  top  of  section  to  back  of 
book.  Drop  needle  and  thread  through  the  loose  back.  Bring 
needle  through  hole  at  bottom  and  tie  securely  in  the  center  of 
the  section.  Trim  any  projecting  edges. 


25 


Binding 

Books  that  are  loose  at  the  back  and  whose  covers  are  worn 
may  be  rebound  to  advantage  provided  the  book  is  worth  while 
from  the  point  of  view  of  subject  matter  and  the  pages  are  in 
good  condition.  A rebound  book  will  wear  two  or  three  times 
as  long  as  in  the  original  binding.  As  a rule  do  not  rebind  a 
book  which  costs  less  than  60  or  75  cents  as  it  will  be  cheaper 
to  buy  a new  copy.  Foster  & Futernick  Co.  in  Tacoma  do 
satisfactory  library  binding. 

Supplies  for  mending 

Scissors,  soft  pencil  eraser,  powdered  pumice  stone,  linen 
thread  no.  45,  paper  cambric  for  joints,  thin  paper  for  tears  (rice 
paper  or  onion  skin),  paste,  oiled  paper  to  put  in  mended  place 
when  drying. 

Gaylord  Bros.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  sell  thin  gummer  paper  and 
other  mending  materials  such  as  gummed  cloth  hinges,  etc. 

Recipe  for  paste 

One  tablespoonful  alum,  one  quart  water,  one  half  pint  of 
flour.  Mix  flour  with  small  quantity  of  water  and  stir  into  a 
cream.  Dissolve  the  alum  in  the  water  and  bring  to  a boil,  stir 
in  the  cream  and  cook  for  twenty  minutes.  Stir  while  cooking, 
strain,  and  add  twenty  drops  of  oil  of  cloves.  This  is  better  than 
prepared  paste  because  it  does  not  dry  so  quickly. 

Reference  Books 

Every  school  library  should  have  at  least  a few  well  chosen 
reference  books  as  the  nucleus  of  the  school  collection.  By 
reference  books  is  meant  the  larger,  more  expensive  works 
which  are  very  inclusive  in  subject  matter,  and  so  arranged  that 
the  material  in  them  is  easily  accessible.  Examples  are,  general 
encyclopedias,  encyclopedias  on  special  subjects,  as  Bliss's  Ency- 
clopedia of  social  reform , dictionaries  , atlases,  etc. 

In  looking  up  any  unfamiliar  subject  in  the  library  it  is  best 
to  go  first  to  one  of  these  reference  works.  All  the  information 
needed  may  be  found  there,  or  if  this  is  not  the  case,  the  searcher 


26 


will  gain  a clearer  idea  of  the  scope  of  his  subject  which  will  aid 
him  in  finding  more  material. 

It  is  most  important  to  teach  children  how  to  use  reference 
books.  In  order  to  do  this  the  teacher  must  know  them  himself. 
That  is,  he  should  know  what  books  to  consult  for  certain  kinds 
of  information ; he  should  understand  the  arrangement  of  the 
material,  the  abbreviations  and  cross  references  used,  etc. 

The  following  list  of  reference  books  is  arranged  in  the  order 
in  which  they  are  recommended  for  purchase. 

Webster.  New  international  dictionary,  Merriam.  $12. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  20  v.  Dodd. 

Because  of  expense  it  may  be  impossible  to  gel  this  among  the 
first  reference  books.  A good  substitute  for  small  school  libraries 
is  the  following : 

Aiton’s  encyclopedia.  Welles  Bros.  & Co.,  Minneapolis.  5 v.  920. 

Champlin.  Young  folks’  cylopedia  of  common  things.  Holt. 

$2.50. 

World  almanac.  N.  Y.  Press  Pub.  Co.  40  cents. 

Lippincott’s  new  gazetteer  of  the  world.  Lippincott.  $8. 

Very  comprehensive.  Arranged  alphabetically.  Gives  descrip- 
tions and  information  about  almost  every  place  in  the  world.  In- 
cludes cities,  rivers,  lakes,  mountains,  etc. 

Mill.  International  geography.  Appleton.  $3.50. 

A valuable  general  reference  book  in  geography. 

Peck.  Harper’s  dictionary  of  classical  literature  and  antiquities. 
Amer.  Bk.  Co.,  $6. 

Best  reference  work  for  classes  in  ancient  history,  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology,  and  Latin. 

Hoyt  & Ward.  Cyclopedia  of  practical  quotations.  Funk  & 
Wagnalls.  $6. 

‘ Useful  for  finding  quotations  on  special  subjects  and  for  author- 

ship of  quotations. 

Brookings  & Ringwalt.  Briefs  for  debate.  Longmans.  $1.25. 

Gives  many  popular  topics  for  debate  with  briefs  and  references 
on  both  sides. 

Bliss.  Encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  Funk  & Wagnalls, 

$7.50. 

Includes  all  important  social  and  economic  topics  giving  brief 
accounts. 


27 


Eclectic  catalog:  an  author  and  subject  index  to  20  maga- 
zines and  recent  government  publications.  H.  W.  Wilson 
Co.,  Minneapolis.  $4  a year. 

This  index  to  magazines  will  be  invaluable  in  a library  where 
one-third  of  the  magazines  indexed  are  subscribed  for. 

Rand-McNally’s  imperial  atlas  of  the  world.  Rand-McNally, 
$2.50. 


Public  Documents 

The  United  States  government  publishes  many  books  and 
pamphlets  on  various  subjects  which  may  be  obtained  free  or  at 
a small  cost.  Send  to  the  departments  which  issue  them,  the 
Superintendent  of  Documents,  Washington,  D.C.  or  apply  to  your 
congressman.  The  following  are  some  of  the  most  useful  ones : 

Department  of  agriculture.  Farmers’  bulletins. 

Pamphlets  on  all  subjects  of  interest  to  the  farmer  treated  in  a 
simple  non-technical  manner.  They  contain  a good  deal  of  material 
useful  in  school  work.  Apply  to  your  congressman  or  the  Agricul- 
ture department. 

Department  of  agriculture.  Yearbook. 

Good  for  commercial  geography  and  other  topics. 

Congressional  record. 

Daily  record  of  debates  and  proceedings  in  Congress.  Very  use- 
ful for  debates.  Apply  to  your  congressman. 

Education  bureau.  Annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of 
education. 

One  of  the  most  important  educational  publications  in  the  country. 
Apply  to  your  congressman. 

A.  L.  A.  catalog:  8,000  volumes  of  a popular  library  with 
notes. 

A most  valuable  aid  in  cataloging,  classification  and  book  selec- 
tio.n  Can  be  purchased  of  Superintendent  of  documents  for  $1.00. 

Egleston,  N.  H.  Arbor  day,  its  history  and  observance. 

Issued  by  the  Department  of  agriculture. 

Forest  service.  Primer  of  forestry,  2v. 

Census  bureau.  Abstract  of  the  last  census. 

Smithsonian  institution.  Annual  report. 

Illustrated  articles  on  scientific  subjects. 


28 


Picture  Collection 

Pictures  to  be  used  in  illustrating  lessons  are  an  important 
part  of  the  school  equipment.  Costumes  of  different  nations, 
commercial  products,  pictures  of  various  industries,  as  mining, 
lumbering,  etc.,  views  of  places,  birds,  etc.,  are  a few  of  the  sub- 
jects much  used  in  picture  collections. 

The  illustrations  in  such  periodicals  as  the  National  geo- 
graphic magazine , World's  work,  Harper's  weekly , etc.,  will  be 
found  useful  to  illustrate  geography,  industries,  and  current 
events. 

Pictures  should  be  classified  by  subject  and  placed  in  envelopes 
with  the  subject  written  clearly  on  the  outside.  Those  most  in 
use  should  be  mounted. 

Send  to  the  following  addresses  for  catalogs  of  their  picture 
collections. 

G.  P.  Brown,  38  Lovett  St.,  Beverly,  Mass. 

Pictures  similar  to  the  Cosmos  and  Perry  pictures,  1 cent  each. 

Cosmos  Pictures  Co.,  296  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

25  cents  for  ten  or  $1  for  50. 

Detroit  Photographic  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

A.  W.  Elson  & Co.,  146  Oliver  St.,  Boston. 

10  cents  each. 

W.  B.  Harrison,  47  Broad  St.,  N.  Y. 

Inexpensive  pictures  illustrating  ancient  and  modern  history. 

Hood  & Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 

Photographs  of  the  world.  60  cents  per  hundred. 

A.  W.  Mumford,  63  Washington  St.,  Chicago. 

Colored  pictures  of  birds  and  animals.  Very  useful  in  school 
work.  2 cents  each  or  $1  per  hundred. 

Perry  Pictures  Co.,  Malden,  Mass. 

1 cent  each  in  lots  of  25,  or  120  for  $1. 

Prang  Education  Co.,  Fine  Arts  Building,  Chicago. 

Earl  Thompson  Co.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Pictures  illustrating  scenes  from  books.  Vary  in  price  from 
1 to  60  cents. 

Clippings 

Keep  a file  of  clippings  on  much  used  topics,  such  as  subjects 
used  for  debate,  poems,  stories,  entertainments  suitable  for  holi- 


29 


days  and  other  special  days,  articles  about  famous  people,  etc. 
Cut  these  from  periodicals  and  newspapers  as  they  are  found 
and  file  them  by  subject. 

Current  periodicals  are  a valuable  source  of  reference  material 
which  the  teacher  can  not  afford  to  overlook.  School  libraries 
should  subscribe  for  as  many  of  the  best  of  these  as  their  finances 
will  allow.  They  should  be  tied  neatly  into  volumes  and  kept 
where  they  are  convenient  for  use,  or,  better  still,  bound. 

Current  Periodicals  and  Indexes 

Material  in  current  magazines  is  made  accessible  by  means  of 
periodical  indexes.  The  Eclectic  catalog  (see  p.  26)  is  the  index 
best  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  small  school  library.  It  is 
advisable  to  have  this  if  the  school  subscribes  for  a third  of  the 
magazines  indexed.  It  is  best  to  subscribe  for  magazines  through 
a periodical  agency  as  these  offer  club  rates  when  a number  of 
periodicals  are  ordered. 

The  following  magazines  are  recommended : 


McClure’s  magazine $1.50 

Outlook  (weekly)  3.00 

Youth’s  companion  (weekly)  1.75 

World’s  work 3.00 

St.  Nicholas  3.00 

Scientific  American  Supplement  (weekly)  3.50 

Education  3.00 

Harper’s  monthly  4.00 

School  arts  book  1.00 

Eclectic  catalog  4.00 

Popular  mechanics  1.00 

National  geographic  magazine  2.50 


30 


Special  Lists 

•The  following  lists  contain  useful  books  on  various  special 
subjects  of  interest  to  teachers.  Those  marked  with  * are 
especially  recommended. 

Books  about  children’s  literature 

*Field,  W.  T.  Finger  posts  to  children’s  reading.  McClurg. 

$1. 

Essays  on  various  phases  of  children’s  reading,  including  a list 
of  books  for  home  reading  and  list  for  school  and  Sunday  school 
libraries. 

Moses,  M.  J.  Children’s  books  and  reading.  Mitchell  Ken- 
nerley,  New  York.  $1.50. 

Deals  for  the  most  part  with  the  historical  phase  of  children’s 
literature.  Selected  lists  are  given  in  the  appendix. 

Aids  for  story  telling 

Bailey,  C.  S.  & Lewis,  C.  M.  eds.  For  the  children’s  hour. 
Bradley,  $1.50. 

A compilation  of  stories  covering  a large  variety  of  subjects. 

*Bryant,  S.  C.  How  to  tell  stories  to  children.  Houghton.  $1. 

Bryant,  S.  C.  Stories  to  tell  to  children.  Houghton.  $1. 

A collection  of  stories  to  tell,  with  suggestive  introductory 
chapters  on  story  telling. 

^Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library.  A list  of  good  stories  to  tell  to 
children  under  twelve  years  of  age.  Carnegie  Library, 
Pittsburgh,  Penn. 

This  refers  to  books  where  the  stories  can  be  found.  Tt  will  be 
most  helpful  to  teachers.  Pittsburgh  Carnegie  Library  has  other 
pamphlet  material  on  story  telling  which  can  be  obtained  by  apply- 
ing to  the  library. 

*Poulsson,  Emilie.  In  the  child’s  world:  morning  talks  and 
stories  for  kindergartens,  primary  schools,  and  homes. 
Bardley.  $2. 

Salisbury,  G.  E.  & Beckwith,  M.  E.  Index  to  short  stories: 
an  aid  to  the  teacher  of  children.  Row.  50  cents. 

A very  useful  index  arranged  by  subject,  to  the  best  stories  in 
more  than  a hundred  books. 

*Wiggin,  K.  D.  & Smith,  N.  A.  The  story  hour:  a book  for 
the  home  and  kindergarten.  Houghton.  $1. 

Stories  for  telling  or  reading  aloud. 


31 


School  entertainments 

Plays 

Johnson,  E.  L.  & Barnum,  M.  D.  Book  of  plays  for  little 
'actors.  American  Book  Co.  30  cents. 

Dalkeith,  Lena.  Little  plays.  Dutton.  50  cents. 

*Gould,  E.  L.  Little  men  play.  Little.  50  cents. 

*Gould,  E.  L.  Little  women  play.  Little.  50  cents. 

Two  plays  adapted  from  Miss  Alcott. 

Gunnison,  Binny,  ed. . New  dialogues  and  plays,  primary,  in- 
termediate, and  advanced,  adapted  from  the  popular  works 
of  well  known  authors.  Hinds.  $1.50. 

*St.  Nicholas  book  of  plays  and  operettas.  Century.  $1. 

Seton,  E.  T.  Wild  animal  play.  Doubleday.  50  cents. 

Adapted  from  “Wild  animals  I have  known.” 

Selections  for  holiday  celebrations  and  other  entertainments 

Blackstone,  Harriet.  New  pieces  that  will  take  prizes  in 
speaking  contests.  Hinds.  $1.25. 

Bugbee,  W.  W.  Successful  entertainments : a variety  of 
unique  and  pleasing  entertainments  including  Japanese 
frolics,  holiday  and  seasonal  plays,  historic  dialogues,  to- 
gether with  literary  and  legendary  exercises.  Penn.  25 
cents. 

Cumnock,  R.  M.  School  speaker:  rhetorical  recitations  for 
boys  and  girls.  McClurg.  75  cents. 

Gowdy,  J.  L.  Special  days  in  school,  with  literary  selections. 
School  Education  Co.  65  cents. 

Hyde,  W.  D.  The  school  speaker  and  reader.  Ginn.  80  cents. 

Irish,  Marie.  Days  we  celebrate.  Dennison.  25  cents. 

*Kellogg,  A.  M.  New  year  and  mid- winter  exercises  for 
children  from  ten  to  fifteen  years,  including  recitations, 
quotations,  authors’  birthdays,  and  special  programs  for 
celebrating  New  Year  and  mid-winter  days  in  the  school 
room.  Penn.  25  cents. 

Kellogg,  A.  M.  Primary  recitations : 100  selections  for  pat- 
riotic and  general  occasions.  Kellogg.  25  cents. 

Kellogg,  A.  M.  Special  day  exercises.  Kellogg.  25  cents. 

Kellogg,  A.  M.  Spring  and  summer  school  celebrations. 
Kellogg.  25  cents. 


32 


*Le  Row,  C.  B.  Pieces  for  every  occasion.  Hinds.  $1.25. 

Rice,  S.  S.  Holiday  selections  for  reading-  and  recitations. 
Penn.  30  cents. 

Shoemaker,  C.  C.  Holiday  entertainments,  containing -short 
dramas,  dialogues,  tableaux,  stories,  recitations,  etc., 
adapted  to  all  holidays.  Penn.  30  cents. 

*Stevenson,  B.  E.  Days  and  deeds : prose  for  children’s  read- 
ing and  speaking.  Baker.  $1. 

Bibliographic  aids  for  holiday  celebration 

*Hazeltine,  M.  E.  Anniversaries  and  holidays:  suggestions 
and  references.  League  of  Library  Commissions.  Apply 
to  Clara  F.  Baldwin,  Minnesota  Public  Library  Commis- 
sion, St.  Paul,  Minn.  25  cents. 

Gives  in  calendar  form,  the  birthdays  of  great  men,  saints’  days, 
holidays,  etc.,  with  references  showing  where  material  about  them 
may  be  found. 

McCurdy,  R.  M.  A bibliography  of  articles  relating  to  holi- 
days. Boston  Book  Co.  25  cents. 

Nebraska — Department  of  Public  Instruction.  Suggestive 
programs  for  special  day  exercises,  issued  for  the  schools. 
State  Superintendent,  Lincoln,  Nebraska. 

Debate  material 

* Brookings,  W.  D.  & Ringwalt,  R.  C.  eds.  Briefs  for  debate  on 
current  political,  economic,  and  social  topics.  Longmans. 
$1.25. 

Matson,  Henry.  References  for  literary  workers,  with  intro- 
ductions to  topics  and  questions  for  debate.  McClurg.  $2. 

Ringwalt,  R.  C.  Briefs  on  public  questions.  Longmans.  2. 

University  of  Wisconsin.  Debate  leaflets.  University  of  Wis- 
consin— Extension  division,  Madison,  Wis. 

These  give  a series  of  questions  for  debating  with  references. 

Wilson,  H.  W.  Co.  1401  University  Ave.  S.  E.  Minneapolis, 
will  loan  at  a small  weekly  rental,  selected  clippings  on 
various  subjects  useful  for  debate. 

Oregon  Library  Commission.  Debate  libraries  (School  cir- 
cular No.  7)  Oregon  Library  Commission,  Salem,  Ore. 

This  small  pamphlet  gives  lists  of  books  useful  in  debate  and  a 
list  of  suggestive  topics. 


33 


Congressional  Record  which  is  the  daily  record  of  proceed- 
ings in  Congress  will  be  found  most  useful  for  debates  on 
current  topics.  This  may  be  obtained  by  applying  to  your 
congressman. 

Some  useful  books  on  manual  training 

Freeman,  S.  J.  Elementary  book  making  and  book  binding. 
Teachers’  College,  Columbia  University,  N.  Y.  30  cents. 

A syllabus  of  work  along  the  lines  of  paper  folding  and  simple 
book  making. 

McGlauflin,  I.  B.  Hand  work  for  girls.  Manual  Arts  Press. 

$1. 

A book  detailing  a five  years  course  in  sewing  for  girls  in  the 
public  schools.  Includes  chapters  on  stitches,  fibers  and  fabrics, 
cloth  and  cardboard  construction,  basketry,  dress  in  its  relations  to 
art,  and  home  furnishing. 

Park,  J.  C.  Educational  wood  work  for  home  and  school. 
Macmillan.  $1. 

A work  which  takes  up  the  subject  of  wood  working  tools, 
describing  each  in  detail ; also  the  study  of  wood  as  material  for 
construction,  devices  used  in  wood  construction,  for  fastenings, 
wood  finishing,  and  problems  to  be  made  of  wood. 

Sage,  E.  & Cooley,  A.  M.  Occupations  for  little  fingers. 
Scribner.  $1. 

Includes  suggestions  for  the  use  of  cord,  string,  raffia,  and  clay; 
sewing,  paper  cutting  and  folding,  weaving,  crocheting,  and  knitt- 
ing, and  the  furnishing  of  a doll’s  house.  Especially  helpful  in 
primary  grades. 

Selden,  H.  F.  Elementary  cabinet  work.  Rand-McNally 
Co.  $1.25. 

A book  dealing  with  furniture  making,  the  equipment  necessary, 
the  correct  use  of  tools,  and  the  general  principles  of  furniture 
construction. 

Try  born,  J.  H.  & Heller,  R.  R.  Correlated  hand  work;  book 
1.  Speaker  Printing  Co.  Detroit.  $1.25. 

A book  dealing  with  the  constructive  work  for  the  primary 
grades,  using  primarily  the  materials  paper,  cardboard,  and  clay. 
As  the  title  indicates,  its  develops  the  subject,  correlating  it  with 
other  subjects  in  the  curriculum. 

Van  Deusen,  C.  S.  Beginning  wood  work  at  home  and  in 
school.  Manual  Arts  Press.  $1. 

A description  in  detail  of  the  fundamental  processes  of  element- 
ary bench  work  in  wood.  This  description  is  given  through 
directions  for  making  a few  simple  and  useful  articles. 


34 


White,  Mary.  How  to  make  baskets.  Doubleday.  $1. 

A book  which  deals  with  elementary  work  with  reed  and  raffia. 
Some  simple  baskets  are  described  in  detail. 


